Imperialism in Africa and India

Section 1: A Scramble For Africa †¢ European nations needed to fuel industrial production †¢ Competed for new markets for goods and took huge interest in Africa †¢ Imperialism- Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country o Occurred throughout most of Africa o Europe came in and dominated †¢ Mid 1800’s Africans divided into ethnic and linguistic groups †¢ Some converted to Islam and Christianity †¢ Most kept traditions and religion For 400 years African army able to keep Europeans out †¢ Until late 1800’s Europe only dominated coast of Africa †¢ Couldn’t navigate rivers †¢ Disease also kept them out †¢ Specialized trade networks †¢ Introduction of steam powered river boats allowed Europeans to dominate more of Africa’s interior †¢ Those who did get in were against slave trade †¢ People learned about Africa through their publications The Congo Sparks Interest: †¢ Dr. David Livi ngstone traveled with group of Africans into deep Africa to promote Christianity †¢ Several years past and people thought he was dead Henry Stanley went to find him and succeeded †¢ Stanley wanted to trace course of Congo River †¢ In 1879 and 1882 Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River Valley †¢ Gave King Leopold II of Belgium control of these lands †¢ Leopold II claimed wanted to abolish slave trade and promote Christianity †¢ Brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants †¢ About 10 million Africans died due to abuse In 1908 Belgian govt. took control of Congo away from king †¢ Congo 80x larger than Belgium †¢ This alarmed France because they had signed treated that gave them control of north bank of Congo †¢ Soon More European and Latin American countries began to claim parts of Africa Forces Driving Imperialism †¢ Industrial Revolution drove European countries to obtain m ore land †¢ European countries searched for more markets Europeans viewed themselves as the greatest nation and race †¢ Racism- the belief that one race is superior to others †¢ Social Darwinism- theory that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others †¢ Non-Europeans on lower scale of cultural and physical development because didn’t make technological progress †¢ Europeans thought was their job to bring advancements to other countries †¢ European missionaries sought to convert lands to Christianity †¢ Hoped Christianity would bring end to evil practices like slave trade †¢ Also wanted to civilize landsFactors promoting Imperialism in Africa: †¢ European’s technological superiority †¢ Europeans had guns †¢ Europeans had steam engines that allowed them to control deep Africa †¢ Europeans had railroads, cables, and steamships that allowed them to communicate within colony and to controlling nation †¢ Drug quinine prevented Europeans from catching diseases †¢ Africa wasn’t unified due to diversity and wars fought between different ethnic groups Divison of Africa: †¢ Discoveries of diamonds and gold in south Africa increased European’s interest in conquering Africa †¢ All European countries became part of raceBerlin conference divides Africa: †¢ Berlin Conference- 14 European nations who met to lay down rules for the division of Africa †¢ Competition between European countries †¢ Any country could conquer land but had to notify other European countries †¢ How Africans felt about it wasn’t a factor †¢ Didn’t pay attention to how ethnic and linguistic groups in Africa were distributed †¢ By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia were free from European control Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies: †¢ During colonization Europeans believed Africans would buy their goods †¢ Only few Africans did this Businesses still needed raw materials †¢ Greatest wealth obtained from Africa was large mineral sources †¢ Congo contained copper and tin †¢ This nothing compared to diamonds and gold in south Africa †¢ Developed cash crop: peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber †¢ Replaced food crops needed by farmers to feed families Three Groups Clash over South Africa: †¢ Zulu chief, Shaka used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create large centralized state †¢ Shaka’s successors unable to keep control †¢ Zulu nation eventually fell to British controlBoers and British Settle in the Cape: †¢ Boers- Dutch settlers (Boer=farmer in Dutch) who took African’s land and established large farms †¢ When British took control of Cape Colony there was clash over British policy of slaves and land †¢ Boers moved north in Great Trek to escape from British †¢ Started fighting fie rcely with Zulu and other African groups whose land was getting taken †¢ When Diamonds and gold found in south Africa Boers tried to keep outsiders from gaining political rights †¢ British tried to rebel against Boers and failed Boers rose against British in Boer war †¢ The war was brutal (no mercy) †¢ Many black southern Africans also participated †¢ Many were captured and put in British concentration camps †¢ Britain won war †¢ Europeans made efforts to change political, social and economic lives of people they conquered Section 2: Imperialism: †¢ Imperialism of 18th and 19th century different than previous imperialism †¢ Europeans demanded more influence over all aspects of African lives †¢ Determined to shape economies to help benefit European economies †¢ Wanted people to adopt European customsForms of Control: †¢ 4 types: o Colony- a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power o Protectorate- A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power o Sphere of influence- an area in which and outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges o Economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other govts. †¢ Also had direct and indirect control †¢ Britain and U. S. preferred indirect France and most other European nations preferred direct †¢ Indirect control: o Relied on existing political rulers o Rulers adopted British Authority o Rulers handled much of daily management of colony o Each colony had legislative council: ? Colonial officials ? Local merchants ? Professionals ? Colonial governor †¢ Direct Control: †¢ French and other European didn’t think Africans could run country †¢ Paternalism- the idea that the people in authority restrict freedoms to their subordinates for the subordinates’ good †¢ Gave them n eeds but not rights Europeans brought in own bureaucrats †¢ Didn’t train Africans in European methods of govt. †¢ Assimilation- the idea that the local population would adopt the superior culture in order to become more like them †¢ Africans adopted French culture †¢ All schools, courts, and businesses patterned after French institutions †¢ In practice idea of assimilation abandoned †¢ French resided to indirect control †¢ Recognized African culture but saw it as inferior |Indirect Control |Direct control | |Local govt. fficials used: |Foreign officials brought in to rule | |Limited self-rule |No self rule | |Goal: to develop future leaders |Goal: assimilation | |Govt. institutions based on European styles but may have |Govt. institutions are based only on European styles | |local rules | |A British Colony: †¢ Britain gained control of southern Nigeria †¢ Some local rulers agreed to sign treaties of protection and accept British r esidents †¢ Others opposed intervention and rebelled against it †¢ British defeated rebellions †¢ Royal Niger Comp. gained control of palm oil trade over Niger River Delta †¢ In 1914 British claimed entire Nigeria as colony Managing the Colony: †¢ Nigeria culturally diverse †¢ Three main groups were: o Hausa-Fulani: ? Muslim ? Had strong central govt. o Yoruba Followed traditional religion ? Relied on chiefs for control o Igbo ? Same as Yoruba †¢ Didn’t have enough British troops to govern such complex area †¢ British resided to indirect control †¢ Worked well with Hausa-Fulani but not with other two groups †¢ Local chiefs of Yoruba and Igbo resented limited power African Resistance: †¢ Africans resisted European attempts to colonize †¢ But Europeans had more advanced weaponry †¢ Therefore, Africans didn’t succeed in most cases Unsuccessful Movements: There was resistance and resistance through religious movements †¢ Algeria’s almost 50 year resistance against France †¢ West Africa’s Samori Toure’s 16 year resistance against France †¢ African villagers resisted Germans in spiritual defense o Believed magic water would turn German’s bullets to water o 20 groups came together and fought against Germans o Fighters believed God and their ancestors would return to life and assist them o Over 75,000 Africans died o Twice that many Africans died in famine to follow o Germans shocked and passed some reformsEthiopia: A successful Resistance †¢ Only African nation that successfully resisted Europeans †¢ Menelik II- became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889 †¢ Successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other †¢ Built up large arsenal of modern weapons he purchased from Russia and France †¢ Menelik II signed treaty with Italy while Italians were invading the country †¢ Menelik II declared war in 1896 †¢ B attle of Adowa was largest battle in history of Africa †¢ Ethiopians won and kept independence Legacy of Colonial Rule: †¢ Negative effects: Africans lost control of land and independence o Lost many people to disease and rebellion o Famine o Breakdown of traditional culture o Traditional authorities replaced o Homes and properties transferred o People lost jobs o Identity issues o Division of Africa o Unnaturally divided groups o No Unity †¢ Positive Effects: o Local warfare reduced o Sanitation improved o Hospitals o Schools o Lifespans increased o Literacy increased o Economic expansion o Railroads, dams, telephone, telegraph lines built in Africa o However, this only really benefited the EuropeansSection 4: British Imperialism in India: †¢ Area controlled by East India Company grew overtime †¢ Both directly and indirectly governed southern India, Bangladesh, and territory along Ganges River in north †¢ British govt. regulated East India company â₠¬ ¢ Company ruled India without British interference until 19th century †¢ Had own army with British officers †¢ Sepoys- Indian soldiers †¢ Army was dangerous because could easily turn against British Britain’s â€Å"Jewel in the Crown†: †¢ Industrial revolution turned Britain into world’s workshop †¢ India supplied Britain with many raw supplies India’s 3,000,000 people also large potential market for British made goods †¢ India was â€Å"brightest jewel in crown† because it was the most valuable of all Britain’s colonies †¢ British made restrictions that prevented Indian economy from operating on its own †¢ Indians could only produce raw materials for Britain †¢ Indians were not allowed to compete with Britain British Transport Trade Goods: †¢ Railroad system built in India †¢ India became more valuable †¢ Most of raw materials transported included: o Tea o Indigo o Coffee o Cotto n Jute o Opium †¢ Sold trade opium for tea from China †¢ Sold tea in England Impact of Colonialism: Negative impact on India: †¢ British held most of economical and political power †¢ British restricted Indian owned industries †¢ Many villagers couldn’t be self sufficient due to emphasis on cash crop †¢ Food production reduced †¢ Famine †¢ Racism †¢ Forced conversion to Christianity Positive impact on India: †¢ Had world’s third largest railroad system †¢ Railroad system united brought modern economy that India †¢ Sanitation and public health improved India modernized by railroads, telephones, telegraphs, dams, bridges, irrigation canals †¢ Schools and collages founded †¢ Literacy increased †¢ Idea cleared of bandits †¢ Local welfare amongst competing rulers The Sepoy Mutiny: †¢ British controlled most of India †¢ Believed British were trying to convert Indians to Christianity â⠂¬ ¢ There was so much racism †¢ Nationalist idea emerged †¢ The Indians decided to rebel †¢ Gossip spread amongst sepoys that the cartridges of their new rifles were greased with beef and pork fat †¢ To use cartridges Indians had to bite off ends Cows were sacred to them and Muslims didn’t eat pork so they were very angered †¢ Soldiers who refused cartilages were imprisoned †¢ Next day they rebelled †¢ Sepoy Munity- rebellion of the Indian soldiers †¢ Uprising spread from Delhi to much of northern India †¢ British and sepoys tried to slaughter each others armies †¢ Took company more than a year to regain control of country †¢ Indians couldn’t unite against British due to weak leadership and conflict between Hindus and Muslims †¢ Hindus preferred British rule over Muslim ruleTurning Point: †¢ After munity Britain took direct control over India †¢ Raj- British rule after India came under British crown during reign of Queen Victoria †¢ To reward many princes who stayed loyal to company during munity, Britain promised to respect all treaties they had with them †¢ Also promised that Indian states that were still free would remain independent †¢ Regardless, British gained control of free states unofficially †¢ Munity fueled racist attitudes of British Munity increased distrust between Indians and British †¢ Hindus and Muslims felt they were being ruined under British rule Nationalism Surfaces in India: †¢ In early 1800’s some Indians began demanding modernization †¢ Ram Mohum Roy, a modern thinking, well educated Indian began campaign to move away from traditional Indian practices †¢ Ram Mohum Roy believed that if practices weren’t changed India would continue to be controlled by outsiders †¢ Ram Mohum Roy’s writings inspired other Indians to press for social reforms and adopt western ways †¢ Nationalist feelings also began to surface in India Indians hated system that made them second class citizens in own country †¢ Made much less money than British workers Nationalist groups form: †¢ 2 nationalist groups formed: o Indian National Congress in 1885 o Muslim League in 1906 ? Focused on Indian’s concerns ? Wanted self government ? Divided in to Hindu and Muslim section ? Separation made it hard for them to unite in calling for independence ? In 1911 British regained control and divided them differently †¢ Conflict over Indian control continued to develop between Indians and British Key Terms: Imperialism- Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country †¢ African goods: copper, tin, gold, diamonds, rubber, cocoa, palm oil, and peanuts †¢ Racism- the belief that one race is superior to others †¢ Social Darwinism- theory that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others †¢ Berlin Conference- 14 Euro pean nations who met to lay down rules for the division of Africa †¢ Shaka- was a Zulu chief used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create large centralized state in South Africa.His successors weren’t as successful †¢ Boers- Dutch settlers (Boer=farmer in Dutch) who took African’s land and established large farms †¢ Boer War- War between British and Boers over land and minerals in which British won †¢ Colony- a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power †¢ Protectorate- A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power †¢ Sphere of influence- an area in which and outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges †¢ Economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other govts. |Indirect Control |Direct control | |Local govt. officials used: Foreign officials bro ught in to rule | |Limited self-rule |No self rule | |Goal: to develop future leaders |Goal: assimilation | |Govt. institutions based on European styles but may have |Govt. institutions are based only on European styles | |local rules | | †¢ India was â€Å"brightest jewel in crown† because it was the most valuable of all Britain’s colonies †¢ Indian goods: Tea, Indigo, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, and Opium †¢ Menelik II- became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889.He was the only one who was successful at preventing his state (Ethiopia) from being conquered. †¢ Sepoys- Indian soldiers †¢ Sepoy Munity- rebellion of the Indian soldiers †¢ Raj- British rule after India came under British crown during reign of Queen Victoria †¢ Ram Mohum Roy- a modern thinking, well educated Indian began campaign to move away from traditional Indian practices and bring nationalism †¢ Paternalism- the idea that the people in authority restrict freedoms to their sub ordinates for the subordinates’ good †¢ Assimilation- the idea that the local population would adopt the superior culture in order to become more like them †¢