An Inspector Calls Essay Introduction Example For Students

An Inspector Calls Essay Introduction Clerical utilizations subjects and thoughts to enable the crowd to identify with, and comprehend social duty and to cause them to acknowledge how they should know about the outcomes that others, conceivably with a lower status should look because of the decisions and activities they decide to make. To depict this thought of social duty Priestly has composed this play An Inspector Calls especially about an upper white collar class family called the Birlings. He depicts there family home as a genuinely huge rural house and its substance as strong furnishings. Additionally to make a picture of this upper white collar class family he lets us know of a parlor servant named Edna, champagne glasses, a stogie box and cigarettes, and that they are all in night dress All these variables make the vibe of wealth. These props and stage settings show us a ton about the Birling family and the condition that the reviewer is going to stroll into. Toward the start of the play, the Birlings are praising the commitment of their little girl Sheila to Gerald Croft the beneficiary to a fruitful and well off business. They are imagined as lounging around a huge lounge area table; Mr Birling is offering guidance to his future child in-law Ill let you know, at that point youll be living in a world thatll have overlooked all these capital versus Labor tumults this accentuates there convention with each other. Everything is apparently perfect. However, similarly as they are in mid-festival and appear to have a ball Edna the parlor house keeper educates Mr Birling that a reviewer has shown up and wishes to talk with him. It is then uncovered that a little youngster named Eva Smith has ended it all and from that point on the association of each Birling part and Gerald Croft is uncovered. The individuals from the Birling family are Mr and Mrs Birling their child Eric and little girl Sheila. By utilizing the strategies of blame and scrutinizing the family the examiner makes every individual let him know of their own contribution with Eva Smith and involves them into her demise. Occasions before long assemble speed and it isn't long until we are being educated about Mr. Birlings inclusion with Eva Smith. Mr Birling is addressed first, toward the start of the Inspectors cross examination he considers a portion of the inquiries pointless yet he does in truth answer every one of them in the end. He was a previous boss of Eva, who he thought about a decent specialist yet once she returned after a late spring break she among others started to request a compensation rise. Since Mr.Birling would not expand her pay not on the grounds that he couldn't manage the cost of it but since he enjoys lower costs and more significant expenses rather he terminated the young lady with out a tiny smidgen of thought to what his activity would have on her. This is an awesome case of where Mr. Birling manhandles his social obligation as a business thus this is clearly why Priestly decided to utilize a character like Mr. Birling. The crowd watching a play right now would likely be of upper working class or around this district. So when composing and contemplating this play Priestly considered the intended interest group thus thought of characters that others might have the option to identify with, for example, Mr.Birling. The overseer at that point questions Sheila; not at all like her dad she is passionate and her reaction to the disaster is one of only a handful scarcely any reassuring things to come out of the play, it makes the crowd see that you can change. .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 , .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 .postImageUrl , .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 , .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8:hover , .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8:visited , .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8:active { border:0!important; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8:active , .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5e6eb68b8544 f19a96d1d279a3571ac8 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5e6eb68b8544f19a96d1d279a3571ac8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Julius Caesar EssayShe shows empathy towards the idea of the demise of this young lady its a spoiled disgrace. In the wake of review the image of Eva Smith, transparently Sheila tells the examiner of how she was developed with the young lady, incidentally, Eva had started work in a notable departmental store Milwards yet when Shelia thought she saw Eva taking a gander at her conceitedly, raced to the chief inclination desirous and furious. The aftereffect of this, Eva lost one more employment. This is a case of a Sheila manhandling her family name and being heartless of others. One thing that she shares for all intents and pur pose with her dad is that she didn't consider the results Eva would need to look through loosing her activity; she mishandled her social duty as a Lady with an effective dad and great family name. Geralds association with Eva is flippant, in the wake of meeting her he permits her to begin to look all starry eyed at him enthusiastically, giving her bogus and unreasonable trusts in a relationship the definitely would turn out to be nothing other than a short excursion. Subsequent to having a ton of fun, she is by and by deserted and left to battle for herself. As an individual close to the highest point of a social chain of command he ought not have permitted this to occur, and been progressively liable for his activities. The explanation behind the utilization of this character is with the goal that individuals from the crowd can see that in spite of the fact that toward the start of such a relationship you feel, that it wont go far, at long last it could form into more and subsequently the individual who is given bogus aims, for this situation Eva will wind up getting injured. It is anything but difficult to envision how Eva was pulled in to Gerald likely a similar way that Sheila was, his attractive features and appeal. He overlooked the well established actuality that the relationship couldn't create.

Acceptance of MNC Mutual Fund by IFAS

Acknowledgment of MNC Mutual Fund by IFAS Presentation Shared reserve is a trust that pools the reserve funds of various speculators who share a typical budgetary objective. This pool of cash is put resources into understanding with an expressed target. The joint responsibility for subsidize is accordingly â€Å"Mutual†, for example the reserve has a place with all financial specialists. The cash in this way gathered is then put resources into capital market instruments, for example, offers, debentures and different protections. The pay earned through these ventures and the capital thanks acknowledged are shared by its unit holders in extent the quantity of units claimed by them. In this manner a Mutual Fund is the most reasonable venture for the regular man as it offers a chance to put resources into a differentiated, expertly oversaw bushel of protections at a moderately ease. A Mutual Fund is a venture instrument that permits little speculators access to a very much expanded arrangement of values, securities and different prote ctions. Every investor takes an interest in the increase or loss of the reserve. Units are given and can be recovered varying. The assets Net Asset esteem (NAV) is resolved every day. Interests in protections are spread over a wide cross-area of businesses and segments and along these lines the hazard is diminished. Expansion diminishes the hazard since all stocks may not move a similar way in a similar extent simultaneously. Common store issues units to the financial specialists as per quantum of cash contributed by them. Speculators of common assets are known as unit-holders. Association OF MUTUAL FUND Common assets have a one of a kind structure not imparted to different elements, for example, organizations of firms. It is significant for representatives operators to know about the exceptional idea of this structure, since it decides the rights duties of the assets constituents viz., supports, trustees, caretakers, move specialists obviously, the store the Asset Management Company(AMC) the lawful structure additionally drives the between connections between these constituents. The structure of the shared store India is represented by the SEBI (Mutual Funds) guidelines, 1996. These guidelines make it required for shared assets to have a structure of support, trustee, AMC, overseer. The support is the advertiser of the common store, designates the trustees. The trustees are dependable to the financial specialists in the shared store, delegate the AMC for dealing with the venture portfolio. The AMC is the business face of the common reserve, as it deals with all issues of the shared store. The shared reserve the AMC must be enrolled with SEBI. Caretaker, who is likewise enrolled with SEBI, holds the protections of different plans of the reserve in its care. SEBI SEBI controls shared assets, stores, caretakers and enlistment centers move specialists in the nation. The material rules for shared assets are set out in SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996, as changed till date. A refreshed and complete rundown of booklets gave by SEBI can be found in the Mutual Funds segment of SEBIs site. A few portions of the budgetary markets have their own autonomous administrative bodies. Any place pertinent, common subsidizes need to conform to these different controllers too. For example, RBI manages the currency showcase and remote trade advertise in the nation. Along these lines, common supports need to conform to RBIs guidelines in regards to interest in the currency advertise, ventures outside the nation, speculations from individuals other than Indians inhabitant in India, settlements (internal and outward) of remote cash and so forth. Stock Exchanges are managed by SEBI. Each stock trade has its own posting, exchanging and margining rules. Common Fu nds need to agree to the standards of the trades with which they decide to have a business relationship. Any individual who is wronged by a decision of SEBI, can document an intrigue with the Securities Appellate Tribunal. Support: The support is the advertiser of the shared reserve. The support sets up the Mutual reserve enrolls the equivalent with SEBI. He delegates the trustees, Custodians the AMC with earlier endorsement of SEBI, as per SEBI guidelines. He should have in any event multi year track record of business enthusiasm for the money related markets. Support more likely than not been benefit making in any event three of the over five years. He should contribute at any rate 40% of the capital of the AMC. Trustees: The Mutual Fund might be overseen by a Board of trustees of people, or a trust organization a corporate body. The vast majority of the assets in India are overseen by leading body of trustees. While the leading group of trustees is represented by the arrangements of the Indian trust act, where the trustee is the corporate body, it would likewise be required to agree to the arrangements of the organizations demonstration, 1956. The leading group of trustee organization, as an autonomous body, go about as defender of the unit holders intrigue. The trustees dont legitimately deal with the arrangement of protections. For this expert capacity, they name an AMC. They guarantee that the store is overseen by AMC according to the characterized destinations as per the trust deed SEBI guidelines. The trust is made through an archive called the trust deed i.e., executed by the reserve support for the trustees. The trust deed is required to be stepped as enrolled under the arrangement of the Indi an enlistment act enrolled with SEBI. The trustees start the essential gatekeepers of the unit holders supports resources; a trustee must be an individual of high notoriety honesty. Caretaker: Frequently an autonomous association, it takes authority all protections different resources of common reserve. Its obligations incorporate receipt conveyance of protections gathering pay circulating profits, supervision of the unit isolating resources settlements between plans. Shared store is overseen either trust organization leading group of trustees. Leading body of trustees trust are administered by arrangements of Indian trust act. In the event that trustee is an organization, it is additionally subject Indian Company Act. Trustees name AMC in interview with the supporters as per SEBI guideline. All common reserve plans drifted by AMC must be affirmed by trustees. Trustees survey guarantee that total assets of the organization is as indicated by specified standards, each quarter. In spite of the fact that the trust is the shared store, the AMC is its operational face. The AMC is the main functionary to be selected, is associated with arrangement of every other functionary. The AMC structures the common store items, markets them activates finance, deals with the assets administrations to the speculators. Other Service Providers RTA The RTA keeps up financial specialist records. Their workplaces in different focuses fill in as Investor Service Centers (ISCs), which play out a helpful job in taking care of the documentation of speculators. The arrangement of RTA is finished by the AMC. It isn't necessary to choose a RTA. The AMC can decide to deal with this movement in house. All RTAs need to enroll with SEBI. Reviewers Reviewers are answerable for the review of records. Records of the plans should be kept up autonomous of the records of the AMC. The evaluator delegated to review the plan accounts should be not quite the same as the reviewer of the AMC. While the plan reviewer is named by the Trustees, the AMC evaluator is named by the AMC. Store Accountants The store bookkeeper plays out the job of computing the NAV, by gathering data about the benefits and liabilities of each plan. The AMC can either deal with this movement in-house, or connect with a specialist co-op. Gathering Bankers The financial specialists cash go into the ledger of the plan they have put resources into. These financial balances are kept up with assortment investors who are delegated by the AMC. Driving assortment financiers make it advantageous to put resources into the plans by tolerating utilizations of speculators in the greater part of their branches. Installment instruments against applications gave over to parts of the AMC or the RTA should be saved money with the gathering investors, so the cash are accessible for venture by the plan. Through this sort of a blend of constituents and specific specialist co-ops, most shared assets keep up elevated requirements of administration and security for speculators. Wholesalers Wholesalers have a key job in offering appropriate sorts of units to their customers for example the financial specialists in the plans. Wholesalers need to breeze through the endorsed confirmation assessment, and register with AMFI. Resource Management Company (AMC) Everyday tasks of advantage the board are dealt with by the AMC. It hence organizes the imperative workplaces and framework, draws in representatives, accommodates the essential programming, handles publicizing and deals advancement, and cooperates with controllers and different specialist co-ops. The AMC needs to make every single sensible step and exercise due tirelessness to guarantee that the venture of assets relating to any plan isn't in opposition to the arrangements of the SEBI guidelines and the trust deed. Further, it needs to practice due persistence and care in the entirety of its venture choices. According to SEBI guidelines: The executives of the advantage the executives organization should be people having sufficient expert involvement with fund and monetary administrations related field. The executives just as key staff of the AMC ought not have been seen as liable of good turpitude or sentenced for any financial offense or infringement of any protections laws. Key faculty of the AMC ought not have worked for any benefit the board organization or common store or any delegate during the period when its enlistment was suspended or dropped whenever by SEBI. Earlier endorsement of the trustees is required, before an individual is designated as executive on the leading group of the AMC. Further, in any event half of the chiefs ought to be independentdirectors for example not partner of or related with the support or anyof its auxiliaries or the trustees. The AMC needs to have a base total assets of Rs10 crores. An AMC can't put resources into its own plans, except if the goal to put is uncovered in the Offer Docum

Applied Econometrics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Applied Econometrics - Assignment Example causes a decrease of middle lodging cost by 0.028 in the primary variation, a decrease of 0.027 in the subsequent variation, and a decrease of 0.027 in the third variation. In the third factor, nitrogen oxide focuses in parts per hundred million (NOX), the coefficients are 1.479 and 1.529 in the second and third variations separately. These figures recommend that 1 percent change in nitrogen oxide focus expands the medium lodging cost by 1.479 in the subsequent variation and by 1.529 in the third variation. Beta coefficient is the proportion of the affectability of the evaluations in impacting the middle lodging cost. In the appraisals, the beta coefficient is the slant of the model summed up into ÃŽ ²0, ÃŽ ²1, ÃŽ ²4, ÃŽ ²3, and ÃŽ ²2. Regularly, the coefficients would infer 1 rate change in the gauge 1 and 2 would cause an expansion of 0.566 and 0.0261. Nonetheless, utilizing the beta methodology, the two coefficients are underneath, recommending that they are beneath the middle lodging cost. 6. Assume in model (3) I included the variable NOX DCHAS, coming about in ln(MVi) = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²1RMi + ÃŽ ²2 ln(DISi) +ÃŽ ²3NOXi + ÃŽ ²4DCHAS;i + ÃŽ ²5 NOX DCHAS +æ i . How might the translation of Æ 3 change in model (3) after the consideration of this variable? What is the translation of Æ 5 in this model? 9. Given that the BP and White tests yield a similar end with respect to the nearness of heteroskedasticity, does this infer the BP test is comparable to the White test? Clarify your thinking in detail. Heteroskedasticity suggests to the situation when the fluctuation of a variable is inconsistent over the scope of estimations of a second factor that predicts it. In this condition, it implies that the Bp test is on a par with the white test since within the sight of heteroskedasticity, it is relied upon to be distinctive for fluctuation, which isn't the situation. Heteroskedasticity doesn't really infer a mistake, yet just suggest fluctuation, for example inconstancy of a variable is inconsistent over the scope of

The need for job satisfaction in workplaces - Free Essay Example

Locke (1989) gives a wide-ranging explanation of job satisfaction as a pleasing or optimistic emotional condition resulting from appraisal of ones job or job experience. According to Smith, Kendall and Hulin (1975), job satisfaction is the perceived characteristics of the job in relation to an individuals frames of reference. Alternatives available in given situations, expectations, and experience play important roles in providing the relevant frame of reference. These authors put yourself forward that the evaluation of satisfaction or dissatisfaction is made on the basis of a frame of reference which may be either an internal, absolute standard of value that is unaffected by context or an external, relative standard that is specific to a particular context. In their view, a persons general assessment of how satisfied he/she is on the job is made according to an absolute frame of reference, while a persons assessment of level of satisfaction with individual job facets (e.g., play or management) is based on a relative standard that is specific to the work context and that involves comparison with the situation of other employees. Job satisfaction has been distinct as an enjoyable touching situation resulting from the assessment of ones job; a sentimental response to ones job; and an approach towards ones job. Weiss (2002) has argued that job satisfaction is an attitude but points away that researcher ought to clearly differentiate the bits and pieces of cognitive assessment which are affective (emotional), beliefs as well as behaviors. This description explains that we form attitudes towards our jobs by captivating keen on explaining our feelings, our beliefs, and our behaviors. JOB SATISFACTION VARIOUS FACTORS Job satisfaction is an attitudinal variable that reflects how community feel about there jobs overall as well as various aspects of them. The term job satisfaction refers to the perceived feelings, which an employee has towards his job. It is a psychological feeling and has both rational and emotional elements. Job satisfaction, being global aspect is affected by a large array of variables such as salary, promotion, age, experience, primary and secondary needs, opportunity for advancement congenial working conditions, competent and fair supervision, and degree of participation in goal setting and perception of employees. It is the perceived characteristics of the job in relation to and the individuals frame of reference. Alternatives available in the given situations, expectations, and experience play important roles in providing the relevant frame of reference.(Smith, Kendall Hulin, 1975). Affective satisfaction is that founded on an overall positive emotional assessment of the employees job, this satisfaction focuses on their mood when working; i.e., whether the job evokes a good mood and positive approach while working. Positive feelings or a positive mood displayed by the employee may indicate job satisfaction. Conversely, cognitive satisfaction is satisfaction that is established on a more logical and rational appraisal of the job conditions. Therefore, cognitive satisfaction is an assessment based on comparisons that do not rely on emotional judgments, but are evaluations of conditions, opportunities and/or outcomes (Moorman, 1993). Social scientists have consistently established that job satisfaction differs with age for both women and men in various occupations (Weaver, 1980; Rhodes, 1983; Lee et al., 1985; Lowther, Gill, and Coppard, 1985; Kacmar and Ferris, 1989; Snyder and Dietrich, 1992; Ang, Goh and Koh, 1993). Mood and emotions while functioning are the resources which cumulate to form the moving element of job satisfaction (Weiss a nd Cropanzano, 1996). Moods have a propensity to be longer permanent but often weaker states of uncertain source, while emotions are often more concentrated, short-lived and have an understandable objective or foundation. DIMENSIONS OF JOB SATISFACTION The authority of job satisfaction and its components is one of the more thoroughly investigated topics in organizational commitment literature. Job satisfaction refers to an overall affective orientation on part of individuals towards work rules, which they are presently occupying. This conceptualization implies that job satisfaction is a unitary concept and that individual may be characterized by some sort of vaguely defined attitude towards their job situation. A worker level of job satisfaction is a function of range of specific satisfaction and dissatisfactions that he experiences with respect to various dimensions of work. Attitudinal commitment is related more strongly to overall job satisfaction, whereas calculative commitment is more highly related to satisfaction with promotional opportunities and pay. Mathieu (1991) investigated the relationship between commitment and job satisfaction and concluded that commitment and satisfaction are reciprocally related, however, the in fluence of satisfaction on commitment was found to be stronger than reverse effect. Work attitude have two dimensions: the first dimension is motivation factors, which lead to job satisfaction; the second dimension is maintenance factors. Maintenance factors must be present and sufficient in order to permit motivational factors to exist. If it is not sufficiently present, this may lead to dissatisfaction. Herzberg (1959) maintains that it is not proper thinking that reducing the impact of dissatisfaction will enhance job satisfaction. The sources of dissatisfaction according to Metzler (1994) include: salary, fringe benefits, departmental policies, supervision, interpersonal relations and other extrinsic work aspects. Herzberg (1959) contends that the origins of satisfaction are: achievement, recognition, advancement, growth and the challenge of work itself. While representative satisfaction with the job overall, the literature also documents a pattern of differing degrees of satisfaction with exact facets of the occupation. The lowest ratings nearly always obtain in the areas of extrinsic rewards such as pay and especially advancement opportunities. Other usually voiced dissatisfactions are in the areas of recognition and administrative policies and practices. With admiration to supervision, the findings are mixed, as some studies find high satisfaction with supervision (Lester, 1985; Watland, 1988), others show this to be an area where satisfaction is low (Chen, 1977), and still others demonstrate that the level of satisfaction with supervision is lower for some groups than others (Cole, 1977) According to Robbins (1993) there are four primary factors that determine job satisfaction. The first factor is for employees to have mentally challenging work. Employees generally enjoy jobs that provide them opportunities to make use of their skills and abilities, as well as contributing a diversity of tasks, feedback and freedom. Jobs that have too little c hallenge will often create frustration and feelings of failure. The second determinant of job satisfaction is equitable rewards. Employees want to pay system and promotion policies that they recognize at the same time as being immediate, unmistakable, and in line with their prospect. When employees believe their pay is fair based upon job order, community pay principles and individual skill level, they are likely to feel satisfied; the same is true for promotion standards. The third determinant of job satisfaction is supportive working conditions. Employees prefer working environments that are safe and comfortable, not dangerous. This comfort level may include issues such as lighting, temperature, noise and other environment factors. Many employees in addition, prefer to work close to home with adequate tools to perform their tasks. The last determinant of job satisfaction is supportive colleagues. For many employees, work fulfills the need for social connections. Not shockingly, th erefore, having friendly and supportive coworkers lead to increased job satisfaction. Luthans (1998) describe three dimensions of job satisfaction that can consider more important. First, job satisfaction is an affecting response to a job satisfaction such, it cannot be seen; only is inferred. Second, job satisfaction is over and over again strong-minded by how well outcomes get together or go beyond prospect. E.g if managerial participants experience that they are working much harder than others in the departments but are getting few rewards, they will almost certainly have a negative approach toward the work, the boss, and or co-worker. They will be dissatisfied. On the additional hand over, if they feel they are being treated very well and are being paid justifiably, they are likely to have optimistic attitude towards the work. They will be job satisfied. Third, job satisfaction represents more than a few related attitudes. THE JOB DESCRIPTION INDEX (JDI) The Job Description Index (JDI), formed by Smith, Kendall, Hulin (1969), is an exact survey of job satisfaction that has been comprehensively used. It check ones satisfaction in five facets: pay, promotions and promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION LENGTH OF EMPLOYMENT Ronen (1978) examined the association between job satisfaction and length of employment in a particular job. He long-established the hypothesis that the change in job satisfaction with length of service resembles a U-shaped curve. It is recommended that intrinsic satisfaction in a job is a major contributor to change in the overall satisfaction of workers over time. Thus, according to Ronen, extent of service is related with job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction. Nicholson and Miljus (1972) accomplished in their own studies that promotion and policies and administrative practices appear to be very core of the turnover problems. The researchers did not directly relate turnover and length of services with satisfaction or dissatisfaction. RESEARCHES MADE ON JOB SATISFACTION TO ENSURE TO WHICH EXTENT IT IS IMPORTANT TO AN ORGANZIATION While much of the traditional job satisfaction research (Seymour and Busherhof, 1991; Carr and Kazanouski, 1994; DenSantis and Durst, 1996) demonstrates that employees generally want stable employment, opportunity for promotion and satisfactory compensation, some recent research of employees (Daley, 1996; Emmert and Taher, 1992) show that such things as flexible working hours, social satisfaction and the characteristics and behaviors superiors also have an affect on employees satisfaction levels. The result of such studies support the idea that job satisfaction is a product of many different variables operating on the employees (DeSantis et al., 1996). A enormous deal of the research on this issue has been dominated by the purported structural or job related explanation of job satisfaction. Such explanation centers on the attributes of good jobs as the principal factors explaining worker satisfaction. This approach contends that two fundamental categories of job characteristics are of crucial importance in attaining satisfaction among workers: the jobs internal rewards such as having diverse and challenging work, and the jobs external rewards such as fair compensation and fringe benefits (Hertzberg, Mausner, Peterson and Capwell, 1957; Hertzberg, Mausner and Snyderman, 1959). Although the Hertzberg model is well documented, more recent investigations into job satisfaction have questioned the utility of the two-dimensional model and sought a more interactional approach. Specifically the works of Kalleberg (1977), Lee and Wilbur (1985), and Martin and Hanson (1985) propose that the characteristics of the employee interact with the internal and external characteristics depicted in the structural model. The realization that personal characteristics ( i.e. age, education, gender and job security) have a distinct affect on job satisfaction implies that job satisfaction may perhaps be more a result of the fit between employees need and work requirements on the on e hand and the actual job and characteristics on the other. Blackburn and Bruce (1989), suggest that quality of work life factors have a comparatively diminutive impact on job satisfaction level as compared to the personal factor of age, length of Service and education. Abraham and Medoff (1984) obtainable survey evidence that shield against job loss grows with employees length of service even after controlling for the apparent net value of people to the firm. While long time examination generally translates into extra protection, we have no evidence that this protection directly increase the job satisfaction level of workers. However, it would be levelheaded to expect that protection against arbitrary dismissal directly increase the job satisfaction level of workers, giving characteristics of the current job market in the UK. Abraham and Medoff (1985) also provide confirmation on the relative importance of length of service and ability in the promotion process. Since promotion i s one of the key satisfaction measures (Imparato, 1972; Smith et al., 1969; Wanous and Lawler, 1972; Scarpello and Campbell, 1983), it is logical to link increasing length of service to greater job satisfaction level. JOB SATISFACTION A VITAL FACET Job satisfaction and organizational obligation are significant because they have, in turn, been associated with other positive organizational outcomes. For instance, employees who are more satisfied with their jobs are also absent and less likely to leave ( Carsten and Spector,1987), and they are more likely to display organizational citizenship behavior (Organ and Konovsky, 1989) and to be satisfied with their lives overall ( Judge and Watanable, 1993). Workers who are more dedicated are less likely to intend to leave their jobs (Mathieu and Zajac, 1990) or to actually leave less likely to experience stress (Begley and Czajka, 1993); and more likely to perform well (Methieu and Zajac, 1990) and behave prosaically (Oreilly and Chatman, 1986). Internationally, commitment has been linked to lower intend to leave in India (Agarwal, 1993), and Japan (Marsh and Mannari, 1997) and to higher organizational citizenship behavior in Israel (Kosolowsky, Capsy and Iazar, 1988) and New Zealand (Inkson, 1977). Captivatingly, a consistent body of literature has identified differences in levels of satisfaction and commitment across cultures (Clugston, Howell and Dorfman, 2000; Kanungo and Wright, 1983; Lincoln and Kalleberg, 1985; Luthans, McCaul, and Dodd, 1985; Near, 1989; Palich, Hom, and Griffeth, 1995; Sommer, Bae, and Luthans, 1996; Verkuyten, de Jong and Masson, 1993). LOYALTY Loyalty (characteristically identical with obligation) to the association has from time to time been viewed as an approach (Meyer Allen, 1991). On the other hand, it is not so much an attitude (or consideration component) that is significant in organizations, but rather it is the end product action constituent. Some of these behaviors are basically prearranged aspects of the employees on paper job description, e.g., operational safely, adhering policy, following instructions, maintaining excellence of output, and taking care of corporation property. But supplementary behaviors are based on unrecorded policies or norms of the managerial culture, e.g., staying late to absolute a project, participating in supplementary activities, contributing to company charities, offering suggestions, and remaining with the organization. During outline, four most important themes seem to capture the real connotation of the varied definition of employee loyalty: 1. A keenness stay with the ass ociation (Solomon,1992). 2. Efficiency that exceeds standard prospects, i.e., goes away from the sense of duty (Mowday, Porter Steers, 1982) 3. Altruistic behavior (Laabs, 1996). 4. Reciprocal, i.e., the employees loyalty to the organization have got to be synchronized by the organizations loyalty to the member of staff (Solomon, 1992). In this look upon, a useful framework in which to envisage loyalty behaviors is to examine them as mechanism of a fair exchange between a corporation and its employees. DEFINITION OF LOYALTY In the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Business Ethics, Axinn (1997) writes that loyalty refers to a willingness to sacrifice. It carries that notion of sacrifice with it, because a loyal individual designates some one who is willing to act for the benefit of someone or something else. A quick etymological sidestep shows such interpretation is very partial. Loyal is traced back through Old French loial and leial to Latin legalis and legalem, with roots leg- and lex-, which designate law. Loyal hence means what is conforming to the law, or that which is of the conditions required by the law. In this sense it is said of goods that they are loyal, or legal. However, when it is said of persons, the reference to an explicit object or promise is still there. Loyal then means true to obligations, faithful to plighted troth, faithful or steadfast in commitment to the independent or constituted government. In that wisdom it is connected with and sometimes mentioned as a synonym for fidelity, whi ch means unfailing fulfillment of ones duties and obligations, but also a strict adherence to vows or promises. Furthermore stemming from that Old French leial is the English Leal which means loyal, faithful, honest, true and also true, genuine, real, actual, exact, accurate. In the light of the realignment of the concept of loyalty, it is important to keep those historical semantic links in mind. For Solomon (1997), loyalty is not an abstract principle but rather a question of mutual obligations. What a company can expect from its employees depends on what employees expect, and have got, from the company (Solomon, 1997). However, Solomon sees that as a new kind of loyalty. A big kind of loyalty seemed to have been one-sided employee loyalty to the corporation and taken for granted, because jobs were hard to come by and important promotions came from the inside. But that kind of loyalty emaciated as corporate mobility increased and job hopping became a way to improve salary and s tatus. That is the context, which has, according to Solomon, made loyalty to a certain extent a question of fair exchange. But that does not mean that loyalty is a material of financial incentives. These might encourage people to stay, but will not inspire loyalty. What Solomon seems to emphasize in winning employee loyalty, is explicitness and exemplarity in standards being set, in expectations, in feedback and in coaching. Hartman (1996) argues that loyalty contributes to organizational effectiveness because it preserves the commons. Indeed, not taking loyalty seriously can have bad economic consequences, like a costly competition among organizations for employees, a lowered willingness to make joint or long-term investments that are in the interests of both employer and employee, and the cost of free rider occurrence.(Hartman, 1996) Loyalty makes an employee further the interests of on organization: (a) because it feels right to do so, (b) because he/she is convinced it is the right thing to do, or (c) a combination of (a) and (b). Also, Hartman sees a kind of second-order desire as characteristic of a loyal person, more precisely: (a) to be motivated by that which serves the interests of the beneficiary of ones loyalty, and (b) to rationally believe that the beneficiary of loyalty is loyal as well. LOYALTY TO THE ORGANZIATION According to Reichheld (2001), unless leaders of an organization have built relationships on loyalty then nothing will keep staff and other stakeholders from jumping ship the instant a better opportunity comes along. This is likely to be reflected in the level of job satisfaction and staff retention rates, and involves staff being loyal to the organization and the organization being loyal to staff. Reichheld (2001) also states that true employee loyalty includes responsibility and accountability for building successful, mutually valuable relationships. Many of the interviewees considered themselves loyal to the service, were happy, and would stay with the service forever. DIMENSIONS OF LOYALTY The first dilemma in studying loyalty in human organizations is so as to not be in general conventional definition of this idea. Frequently, as it has been confirmed above, loyalty is taken to mean outstanding in an association for an extended time. But some studies have exposed how it can have much dissimilar magnitude. Cole (2000), for instance, interviewed David L. Sturn, President of the Loyalty Institute, an arm of Chicago-based Aon Consulting, about a study undertaken by that organization interviewing the employees of more that 200 of its corporate clients. According to that study, what characterizes a committed employee is that (1) he is a team player; (2) willing to make sacrifices for the good of the company; (3) believes in the companys products; (4) will recommend the company as among the best places to work, and (5) is prepared to continue in the company for the next several years, even if offered a modest pay increase elsewhere (Cole, 2000). Perceptibly, the first four individuality of a committed employee go well ahead of the fifth one, which is the simple one connected with outstanding in the organization; and, still qualifying the reality of enduring in the organization by rejecting a revolution with a modest pay boost elsewhere. INDICATORS OF LOYALTY Powers (2000) offers an attractive set of indicators of loyalty: Enduring with the corporation; not leave-taking, not job hunting Staying not on time to complete a mission Maintenance the companys business secret; no whistle blowing Promoting the company to clientele and community Adhering to policy without close up administration Sacrificing individual goals to attain companys goals No gossiping, deceitful, dishonest or robbery Exchange companys products Involvement to company-sponsored charities Offering development suggestions Participating in companys extracurricular behavior Following orders Delightful concern of company belongings and not being wasteful Working safe and sound Not abusing go away policies; including sick leave Serving coworkers; cooperating. LOYALTIES ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTIFICATION: THE BARNARD-SIMON VIEW The Barnard-Simon theory of organization has some implicit concept of loyalty imbedded in it from the beginning. The Barnard (1938) criterion of efficiency essentially means that participants in the cooperative system called organization (including, of course, customers) should find their motives satisfied by the organizational actions and results. But Barnard never dealt with the concepts of loyalty and identification explicitly. Herbert Simon, in contrast, devotes an entire chapter (Chapter X) of his first book, Administrative Behavior published first in 1947, to developing and applying those concepts, from a standpoint similar to that of Barnard. He directly looks at organizations and discusses the concepts of loyalty and organizational identification as two variables that are very close to each other. The two concepts are, in fact, crucial to his work, in the context of Bounded Rationality. In 1985 Ronald Duska, however, did not take that wait-and-see strategy, but rather tr ied to affirmatively argue that employees loyalty to businesses is unjustified. The article in which he tried to do that, however, leaves it somewhat unclear what precisely its crucial argument is. The text arguably allows at least four possible ways of reconstructing the argument: (1) Loyalty is appropriate only in those relation ships that demand self-sacrifice without expectation of reward; employee-employer relationships are not of that nature. (2) Loyalty requires reciprocity; employers will not reciprocate employees (attempts at) loyalty. (3) Loyalty is incompatible with the commercial character of the employee-employer relationship, i.e. with the fact that both parties to it are aiming at a monetary payoff. (4) Loyalty is incompatible with the fact that the employee-employer relationship is, for both parties, merely an instrument for accomplishing something outside the relationship (i.e. that the parties do not aim at the flourishing of the relationship itself for its own sake). LOYALTY TO THE ORGANZIATION Finally, job satisfaction loyalty will impact on motivation to work well and this directly influences employees willingness to share corporate knowledge and their willingness to voice new ideas. Out of the etymological roots and literature review, the framework within which loyalty can be rethought is constrained by four criteria: Loyalty is an attitude aimed at an object. Loyalty has an explicit external referent. Loyalty is a learned attitude. Loyalty is bilateral. Rational loyalty allows consistent decentralized decision-making. It merges with Castells concept of the network enterprise we mentioned earlier on as that precise outline of endeavor whose method of way is constituted by the connection of segments of independent systems of goals (Castells, 1996, p. 171) in the sense that rational loyalty allows autonomous systems of goals to willingly intersect as means to the object of that loyalty. Loyalty is a variable that is at the same time important, elusi ve and equivocal. It is important, as witnessed by its frequent presence in the non academic periodicals, where many writers even ask whether it has altogether disappeared (see, for instance, Evans, 2000; Sheppard; 2000; or Watson, 2000b); although it has to be recognized that this is usually done with the intention to claim that it shouldnt, and to stress the need for it. It is elusive and equivocal, because like trust, or identification, it is difficult to define and to grasp. Nobody seems to be too happy when loyalty is defined merely as permanence in an organization for a long period of time, but it is difficult to see what other dimensions are involved. Powers (2000), and the study of the Loyalty Institute (cited in Cole, 2000) have suggested several other possible dimensions, similar to believing in the companys yield, or taking concern of company material goods and not being wasteful, but for the moment in time being the conception and its applications have not been analyzed in deepness.

Harper Lees Social Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 748 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Justice Essay Did you like this example? Society is full of incorrect, biased, and unfair accusations about individuals and events in need of correction to guide them to equality. Social justice is this correction of equality past judgements of ethnicities and beliefs. A main character portrayed by Harper Lee, Atticus Finch, demonstrates this idea of social justice throughout the scenes by the words and actions within her characterization. In To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, Atticus represents deep contemplation and a powerful matter-of-fact mindset within social justice. Harper Lee presents the idea that contemplation is reflecting on the details of a present issue to show the importance of a situation. Atticus illustrates this within the evidence during Tom Robinsons trial. He points out, no doubt signing it with his left hand, and Tom Robinsons now sits before you having tenken oath with the only good hand he possess his right hand (272-273). Atticus studies the witnesses statements before the jury and reveals the injustice actions of Bob Ewells words through extreme cross-examinations and being able to turn it into comparing to hard core physical evidence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Harper Lees Social Justice" essay for you Create order This reflection of the trial attempts to persuade one decision, of innocence, over another. Atticus is stressing the jury to look at the hard core evidence in front of their eyes and heard within their ears to view Tom Robinson by the evidence instead of by his ethnicity. Atticus incorporates contemplation in the courtroom but also the social justice at home or in the community. He teaches at home, She had learned to hand something to a Cunningham, for one thing, but if Walter and I had put ourselves in her shoes wed have seen it was an honest mistake on her part (39-40). Atticus examines Scouts disappointing school day to carefully explain to her the fault can not completely be placed upon Miss. Caroline. He reflects on the supporting evidence to show both sides of the argument to view Miss. Caroline and the situation from a fair point of view to main social justice. As a result of Harper Lees characterization, Atticus studies, thinks, and reflects social justice from an issue in bo th the intense courtroom and comforting home. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee represents the idea that a matter-of-fact mindset is creating exceptions in all types of conditions to think clearly and move on from past emotions. Atticus was casually reading a paper while guarding where Tom Robinsons being held, [h]e closed it, folded it deliberately, dropped it in his lap, and pushed his hat to the back of his head. He seem to be expecting them (201). In this scene, Atticus understands that people were coming to the jail to get to Tom, but he continues to stay and keep guard. He refuses to panic, yell, or run. He just closes his newspaper to speak peaceful light of compromises to the dark, to avert social injustice on the suffering. He dig deeps down in order to find tranquility in the darkest hardship within the dangerous groups along with specific individuals. Atticus is stronger than the difficulties he faces from the people around him, Atticus didnt bat an eye just took out his handkerchief and wiped his face and stood there and let Mr. Ewell call him names wild horses could not bring her to repeat (291). While Mr. Finch is being defaced by Bob, anger didnt arise in him. He accepted his dramatic consequences from the trial. Even though Atticus is put in terrible situations, he represents that individuals should remain calm in order to prevent a dangerous situation. Atticus doesnt care that he has to go through these circumstances to continue fighting for ethnic equality from the trial. He pushed past resentment to understand and create social justice through anyones revengious actions. As a result of Harper Lees description, readers realize from Atticus that remaining in tranquility for the best of the situation. Due to Harper Lees vivid picture of Atticus Finch, contemplation and a matter-of-fact mindset promotes ideas of social justice. His reactions, of studying the situation and remaining calm, teaches the reader the significance of a situation and processing it clearly. Atticus demonstrates that providing supporting evidence for both sides can give everyone an equal opportunity. Robust arguments and smooth reactions part the way to social justice from tense events. Atticus uses his senses to obtain information and reflects off of them, along with accepting the surrounding environment in order to change the views of the society to promote social justice.

Social Traditions in Medea, The Piano, and The Age of...

Social Traditions in Medea, The Piano, and The Age of Innocence Traditions demonstrate a set of social norms that have been followed and adapted to for an elongated amount of time. In each of the plots, Medea, The Piano, and The Age of Innocence, the standard set by society was broken and the consequences imposed took form in varying degrees and shapes of violence. Whether it was outright murder as in Medea, or a more subtle but intense struggle as in The Age of Innocence, these consequences serve as the communitys opinion of this breach of its expectations for its members. All societies have many traditions set up, and each of the characters in the books either plays the role of someone who helps to uphold these traditions by†¦show more content†¦If she does, she refuses to care what these collective people have established as expected behavior of members of society. The common assumption is that the people who primarily follow tradition are the elderly, those who are most comfortable in the social norms and wish to keep things as they always have been. However, that is not true, as younger generations such as Medea, Stewart, and even May Welland uphold tradition and societal standards. People such as these see the traditions that their parents have impressed on them as the â€Å"proper and right† way to do things. They feel it is their moral obligation to continue to judge others by these standards, and to expect nothing less from those they know and love. Medea performs her wifely duties as she feels is her obligation. She bears her husband two male children to carry on his lineage and loves him completely. However, he does not act with the same reverence for the traditions as she does. He feels no obligation to love her with the same passion, or to stay faithful to her. Jason disrespects Medea and dishonors her by marrying a yo unger bride without her consent, with which he plans to start a new life and a new family. Feeling betrayed, Medea feels that Jason should feel the consequences of his actions, that he should learn not to go against social standards. Also as a faithful, providing spouse, Stewart is in a similar situation where he feels like he has done everything heShow MoreRelatedEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 Pageslist below or another novel or play of comparable quality. Avoid mere plot summary. An American Tragedy Light in August Anna Karenina Long Day’s Journey into the Night Antigone Lord Jim Beloved Macbeth Crime and Punishment Medea Death of a Salesman Moby-Dick Ethan Frome Oedipus Rex Faust Phedre Fences Ragtime For Whom the Bell Tolls Sent for You Yesterday Frankenstein Tess of the D’Urbervilles Hedda Gabler Things Fall Apart King Lear 2003

Importance of Sportsmanship Essay Example For Students

Importance of Sportsmanship Essay Importance of Sportsmanship Essay When you are on the field of play, it is vital that you remember to be very sportsmanlike, for numerous reasons. There are many spectators who come to enjoy the competitiveness and excitement of high school athletics and a bad sport can turn a good, hard-fought and enjoyable contest into an ugly, forgettable one. Cheap shots and verbal attacks on fellow student-athletes can forever taint a positive athletic career, and that is why it is vital that sportsmanship is emphasized from a very young age. One reason that sportsmanship is important is the fact that it promotes healthy relationships with your peers. Whether you are talking to coaches, teammates, officials, or even opposing players, it is important that you always speak in a positive, controlled tone. Once this quality is instilled in you, it will help you with communicating for the rest of your life. Your opinions and views are more likely to be heard if you speak calmly, and this can be taught from a very young age, especially in athletics. Another reason in the importance of sportsmanship is that it sets a good example for spectators, namely children. Kids are very observant at a young age, so when they see a varsity athlete yell at an official, or get into a fight during the contest, they are easily affected. However, if they notice that all of the players involved are very courteous and sportsmanlike, they are more likely to act the same, and to be courteous to their peers, parents, and teachers. Although children are the majority of spectators affected, adults can very easily be affected as well. There are many parents who step over the line and yell and scream for an entire contest at officials and coaches. This can be limited if the players and coaches show self-control on the field or court. Parents are less likely to open their mouths if their child is not. A third reason is that sportsmanship teaches you how to handle adversity with dignity. It is very unlikely that everything will always go your way in life. There are going to be instances in which you will not get your way or you feel you are cheated out of something you deserve. It is these adverse situations that sportsmanship plays a key role in. If you have been a good sport your entire life and are taught self-control from a young age, adversity will come easier for you because you have experienced it before. A big reason that sportsmanship is important is that you are not just representing yourself when you play. You represent your entire community and all that it stands for. If several players from a certain school are very unsportsmanlike and dirty, their school will begin to get this reputation. If someone continues to yell and complain all game, their community is thought of in this sense. A prime example of this is the fans and players involved in the Pistons-Pacers brawl in Detroit. Although many of the Pistons fans showed restraint and did not further provoke the incident, the entire town of Detroit is viewed on a lower level now because of a select few. This is especially true in high school athletics. Sportsmanship is a vital part of athletics. It molds the morals and ethics of student-athletes for the rest of their lives. The qualities instilled in players can be used in many real-life situations and will make the community a better place. It gives the community a much more positive environment and promotes healthy relationships with your peers. This is why sportsmanship is an essential part of educational athletics. .

The Last Judgment Essay Example For Students

The Last Judgment Essay Michelangelo was one of the greatest artists of all time. He excelled in architecture, sculpture, painting, poetry, and engineering. He was a true Renaissance man who lived a long emotional life. In painting â€Å"The Last Judgment,† Michelangelo was able to incorporate all that he had learned about the human body. He was able to show the way the body moved, as well as it’s displays of unrestrained passion, overwhelming grief, or endless torment. This is what makes â€Å"The Last Judgment† such a unique and exceptional work of art. In the spring of 1534, Michelangelo received a commission from Clement VII to paint â€Å"The Last Judgment† on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel. He was also commissioned at this time to paint a â€Å"Fall of the Angels† on the entrance wall, but this second work was never executed. He had painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel some twenty eight years prior, but the style of his â€Å"The Last Judgment† would greatly differ from that of the ceiling. We will write a custom essay on The Last Judgment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Before Michelangelo could begin, there were many preparations to be made. A scaffold had to be built and the wall had to be prepared. Five paintings by Perugino and Michelangelo had to be removed. Two windows had to be walled up and Michelangelo â€Å"ordered it to be inclined forward by about half an ell toward the top, hoping in this fashion to protect his work against the accumulation of dust.† (Brandes 388)Sebastiano del Piombo had persuaded the pope that the painting would look best in oil, and the wall was therefore prepared to receive oil pigments. This delayed the beginning of the work, since Michelangelo declared oil-painting to be an â€Å"effeminate art† and insisted on painting â€Å"al fresco,† as he had done with the ceiling. The wall had to be done over and Michelangelo never spoke to Sebastiano, who had once been a student of Michelangelo. (Brandes 389)There were many previous depictions of the Last Judgment which influenced Michelangelo’s plan for the painting. Such other works include Giotto’s painting on the wall of the Camposanto in Pisa, Giovanni Pisano’s sculpture on the pulpit of the San Andrea in Pistoia, and Fra Angelica’s and Signorelli’s frescoes in Orvieto. Finally, there is the reverse side of a medallion his old teacher Bertoldo had made for Archbishop Filipo de’ Medici. (Brandes 385)Michelangelo began the giant painting sometime during April and May of 1536. He worked rigorously on the project until he fell from the scaffolding a few months prior to the completion of the painting and seriously hurt his leg. Following his recovery, Michelangelo returned to work on â€Å"The Last Judgment.† It was completed in October of 1541 and unveiled on Christmas Day two months later. (Symonds 328)Many were appalled to see the great amount of nudity which filled the painting. They did not feel that it was appropriate for such holy people to be depicted without clothes on. Mic helangelo felt that it was the body which ascends to Heaven, not the clothes. Unfortunately, Michelangelo’s masterpiece only remained intact for fourteen years, at which point artists were commissioned to paint clothes on the â€Å"most beautiful nudes.† (Brandes 392-394)The central figure of â€Å"The Last Judgment† is of course, Christ. However, the Christ which appears in Michelangelo’s â€Å"The Last Judgment,† is not the typical loving, and sympathetic Christ depicted throughout the Renaissance. The fresco is dominated by Christ â€Å"as the medieval judge of the world–a giant whose might right arm is lifted in a gesture of damnation so broad and universal as to suggest he will destroy all creation, Heaven and earth alike.† (Croix, Tansey, and Kirkpatrick 665) Michelangelo followed the tradition of others in having Christ at the top, with his hand raised, brighter than the rest of the angels and demons. Christ seems to have a harsh and cold expression which furthers Michelangelo’s depiction of Christ as the Judge. .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .postImageUrl , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:hover , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:visited , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:active { border:0!important; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:active , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Persuasive Essay - the Arts in the EducationStanding closest to Jesus on the right is St. John. He is the young man who forms the counterpart to the Madonna, but he is completely in awe of Christ, while the Madonna seems to droop in some sort of dismay. She does not look toward Christ, nor toward anyone else. The large man to the right, holding the key to heaven is St. Peter. He seems to be asking Jesus for whom he is to open the gate to Heaven. St. Peter’s counterpart on the left is Adam who gaze is fixed intently on his Master. Close to him is Abel and on Adam’s other side, closest to Christ, is the Good Thief. Below Christ there are two great figures to the right and left. St. Lawrence to the left holds his gridiron, while St. Bartholomew holds in his left hand the skin which had been flayed from his body. It is in this skin that one can see a self-portrait of Michelangelo. Behind Bartholomew we see the head and shoulders of a kneeling youth. This is the Apostle Thomas. The row of saints is continued to the right with St. Catherine, bending over the wheel on which she was martyred, and St. Sebastian kneeling and holding in his left hand the arrows that had pierced him. (Brandes 389-391)In the space toward the bottom, directly below Christ, one can see mighty angels blowin g their horns. There are seven angels, which Michelangelo found in Revelation 8, 2. They also have the two books, the Book of Life and the Book of Judgment. These books are often mentioned in the Old Testament as holding all the records of our actions and decide who will be allowed into heaven. To the right are the condemned souls. They are plunging downward to the base of the wall. They are tormented by demons with burning eyes and are filled with despair. The great wrath of the Lord is upon them. Charon’s boat (which is in Greek mythology) is filling with passengers and to the far right stands Minos, encircled by serpents, ready to judge those who have been sent to him. It is said that Michelangelo modeled Minos after the papal master of ceremonies, Biagio, who had complained about the nudity in â€Å"The Last Judgment.† (Brandes 391)On the left, the saved souls rise from their graves and assume the flesh. They then begin their ascent toward Heaven. One may expect there to be as much joy on the left as there is torment on the right, but these souls are not filled with exceedingly great happiness. Michelangelo has filled them with a similar amount of horror as those who are on the right. The chosen ones are not even greeted with a smile from Christ who seems â€Å"far less inclined to acquit than to condemn.† (Brandes 385) These souls seem to be rushing toward Heaven without any sort of elegance or style, simply trying to beat one another there. â€Å"The Last Judgment† is far different from the fresco paintings that Michelangelo had done on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. The entire mood has changed. On the ceiling, the ideas of hope and exaltation seem to rule, but on the altar wall, there is the depiction of Christ as the unforgiving Judge. â€Å"The Last Judgment† has a â€Å"drastically plain and direct style, with squarish rather than supple figures,† (Creighton 30) whereas the ceiling has a more complicated style. Also, the figures of the altar wall do not possess the same amount of beauty as the figures of the ceiling. In comparison with â€Å"The Last Judgment† by Cavallini, one sees that Michelangelo’s interpretation of the Last Judgment is far different than the interpretation that Cavallini had in 1291. Cavallini’s â€Å"The Last Judgment,† a fresco in the church of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Rome. Cavallini, who was perhaps influenced by some Roman paintings that we do not have today, abandoned the Byzantine style of linearism for a softer style. Although this painting may have seemed somewhat revolutionary, it is in no way as free flowing or emotional as Michelangelo’s. Pietro Cavallini’s fresco simply depicts three apostles sitting with Christ. They are all clothed and have halos above their heads. There are not any souls being judged as there are in Michelangelo’s. Christ is not in the center of the picture, and He does not have the same amount of power that He has in Michelangelo’s. The torment that is so overwhelming in Michelangel o’s Renaissance version of â€Å"The Last Judgment† is not depicted at all in Cavallini’s Proto-Renaissance painting. The Apostles, as well as Christ, are also seated in chairs in Cavillini’s fresco, whereas they are standing in the clouds in the latter of the two paintings. .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 , .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 .postImageUrl , .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 , .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874:hover , .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874:visited , .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874:active { border:0!important; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874:active , .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874 .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99751af827a03f68f5f68fa177948874:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Didital Tv EssayMichelangelo’s painting is also much more life-like than Cavallini’s. All of the differences are quite understandable, considering that these two frescos were painted at completely separate times. (Croix, Tansey, and Kirkpatrick 567)Michelangelo’s â€Å"The Last Judgment† is a splendid masterpiece of the High Renaissance. It stresses the importance of the human body and the ways in which the body can move. The emotional content is also very characteristic of this time. The torment and horror is also quite indicative of the hardships which Michelangelo felt during this time in his life. He had grown rather bitter toward all men, w hich can quite easily be inferred from the lack of joy in â€Å"The Last Judgment.† (Brandes 394)â€Å"The Last Judgment† is a beautiful painting by the master artist, Michelangelo. His painting gives a greater understanding of the Renaissance era as well as an insight into his own feelings. The fresco painting is skillfully planned out and uses the space extremely well. Michelangelo borrowed some of the ideas from his predecessors, but he also put his own twist on the painting, making it a masterpiece. Works Cited Brandes, Georg. MichelangeloHis Life, His Times, His Era. New York: Frederick Unger Publishing Co., 1963.

Path Analysis -- What it Is and How to Use It

Path Analysis What it Is and How to Use It Path analysis is a form of multiple regression statistical analysis that is used to evaluate causal models by examining the relationships between a dependent variable and two or more independent variables. By using this method, one can estimate both the magnitude and significance of causal connections between variables. Key Takeaways: Path Analysis By conducting a path analysis, researchers can better understand the causal relationships between different variables.To begin, researchers draw a diagram that serves as a visual representation of the relationship between variables.Next, researchers use a statistical software program (such as SPSS or STATA) to compare their predictions to the actual relationship between the variables. Overview Path analysis is theoretically useful because, unlike other techniques, it forces us to specify relationships among all of the independent variables. This results in a model showing causal mechanisms through which independent variables produce both direct and indirect effects on a dependent variable. Path analysis was developed by Sewall Wright, a geneticist, in 1918. Over time the method has been adopted in other physical sciences and social sciences, including sociology. Today one can conduct path analysis with statistical programs including SPSS and STATA, among others. The method is also known as  causal modeling, analysis of covariance structures, and latent variable models. Prerequisites for Conducting a Path Analysis There are two main requirements for path analysis: All causal relationships between variables must go in one direction only (you cannot have a pair of variables that cause each other)The variables must have a clear time-ordering since one variable cannot be said to cause another unless it precedes it in time. How to Use Path Analysis Typically path analysis involves the construction of a path diagram in which the relationships between all variables and the causal direction between them are specifically laid out. When conducting a path analysis, one might first construct an input path diagram, which illustrates the hypothesized relationships. In a path diagram, researchers use arrows to show how different variables relate to each other. An arrow pointing from, say, Variable A to Variable B, shows that Variable A is hypothesized to influence Variable B. After the statistical analysis has been completed, a researcher would then construct an output path diagram, which illustrates the relationships as they actually exist, according to the analysis conducted. If the researcher’s hypothesis is correct, the input path diagram and output path diagram will show the same relationships between variables. Examples of Path Analysis in Research Lets consider an example in which path analysis might be useful. Say you hypothesize that age has a direct effect on job satisfaction, and you hypothesize that it has a positive effect, such that the older one is, the more satisfied one will be with their job. A good researcher will realize that there are certainly other independent variables that also influence our dependent variable of job satisfaction: for example, autonomy and income, among others. Using path analysis, a researcher can create a diagram that charts the relationships between the variables. The diagram would show a link between age and autonomy (because typically the older one is, the greater degree of autonomy they will have), and between age and income (again, there tends to be a positive relationship between the two). Then, the diagram should also show the relationships between these two sets of variables and the dependent variable: job satisfaction. After using a statistical program to evaluate these relationships, one can then redraw the diagram to indicate the magnitude and significance of the relationships. For example, the researcher might find that both autonomy and income are related to job satisfaction, that one of these two variables has a much stronger link to job satisfaction than the other, or that neither variable has a significant link to job satisfaction. Strengths and Limitations of Path Analysis While path analysis is useful for evaluating causal hypotheses, this method cannot determine the  direction  of causality. It clarifies correlation and indicates the strength of a causal hypothesis, but does not prove direction of causation. In order to fully understand the direction of causality, researchers can consider conducting experimental studies in which participants are randomly assigned to a treatment and control group. Additional Resources Students wishing to learn more about path analysis and how to conduct it can refer to  the University of Exeter’s overview of Path Analysis and  Quantitative Data Analysis for Social Scientists  by Bryman and Cramer. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Strange Heaven by Lynn Coady Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strange Heaven by Lynn Coady - Coursework Example And here adds to the hilarious, complicated life of the Joan his husband, Robert. Joan tries to keep the lid on, but she's no match for Robert's wild profanity. Facing all these dilemmas, anyone would wonder how she is trying to handle her dysfunctional family. Uncle Albert arrives to whisk her back to the bedlam of home and the booze-soaked social life that got Bridget into trouble in the first place. Uncle Albert, a kind man who saves his eloquent wrath for outsiders, springs Bridget from the hospital for Christmas. He was the only person who thought of Bridget and has concerns about her depression or maybe the only person who feels how tough was Bridget’s experience was. He’s the only person who sees the problem while everybody is working on their own dysfunctions. He was the only person who observed that she was changed. Byron, an acne-ridden geek with bizarre delusions of grandeur. As described by Coady, life on the ward is both a nightmare and laugh-out-loud funny experience. Byron seems to be annoying and arrogant, continues his desperate bids for Bridget’s attention. He explodes and have to be put in the quiet room where he'd sit cross-legged and howl like a hound.

Planning Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Programs Assignment

Planning Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Programs - Assignment Example Plan a meal timetable within your means. Be realistic to yourself, you may not be able to become a complete vegetarian, but you can incorporate vegetables into your meals twice or thrice a week. Do not plan to lose 30 pounds in one month that is out of your reach (Ostchega & National Center for Health Statistics, 2008). Instead, you can plan to lose 2 pounds every week. That is achievable and will be relevant to the DASH program. This is a primary prevention program that an individual can work alone’ (National High Blood Pressure Education Program, 1993) Regular exercise at least 30 to 60 minutes per day in a week lowers your blood pressure by 4 to 9 millimetres of mercury (mm Hg). For it to be effective in controlling hypertension, SMART goals must be set. Exercise will be effective when you ask yourself what you want to accomplish. For instance, you can decide to lose weight by walking. A specific exercise goal will help you decide which formula to use to accomplish your objective. To know that you have reached your target, there must be measurement. Do not just walk often, walk for 30 minutes for seven times in a weak. Use a scale to measure your weight and a tape measure to measure your waist before the beginning of weight loss program. This will help you calculate the progress of the program. The program should answer the questions like how much and how often. The program objectives should be achievable. For example, you cannot start by walking 7miles in 20 minutes but you can start with 1 mile in 30 minutes. The basic question here is, â€Å"can I do or have the ability. When you start, the program, ask yourself, do I have enough resources and skills to do this? Do I have the will to work for this objective? It should be realistic and not what you cannot sustain. For instance, you can walk for 30 minutes every day but it is difficult to walk for 2 hours

Financial Ratios Analysis of IBM 2005-2006 Case Study

Financial Ratios Analysis of IBM 2005-2006 - Case Study Example There was also an inverse increase in current liability of $4,939 ($40,091 - $35,152 million) which adversely affected the company’s liquidity ratio. This decline also reflected in acid test ratio or the ability to settle obligation immediately as it also declined by 13.492. 2. Leverage ratios analysis a. Debt to-total-assets ratio (Total liabilities/total assets) 2005 2006 % of change Total debt $22,682 $22,641 Total assets 105,748 103,234 Ratio .687 .724 5.386 b. Debt-to-equity ratio 2005 2006 % of change Total debt $22,682 $22,641 Total equity 28,506 33,098 Ratio 2.195 2.621 19.40 c. Long-term debt-to-equity ratio 2005 2006 % of change Long-term debt 15,425 $13,780 Total equity 28,506 33,098 Ratio .466 .483 3.648 d. ... Changes in liability decreased minimally but still, the increase in total assets helped drive debt to asset ratio up by 5.386 %. Since debt was almost constant in 2006, debt to equity ratio significantly went up when IBM registered a profit in the previous year, where portions of the net gain were retained as equity. 3. Activity ratio analysis a. Inventory turnover 2005 2006 % of change Net Sales 91,134 91,424 Inventory 2841 2840 Ratio 32.07 32.53 .01 b. Fixed assets turnover 2005 2006 % of change Net Sales 91,340 91,424 Net fixed assets 60,087 58,574 Ratio 1.517 1.561 2.900 c. Total assets turnover 2005 2006 % of change Net Sales $91,340 $91,424 Total Assets 105,748 103,234 Ratio .862 .886 2.784 d. Average collection period Payment terms for inventory and accounts receivable financing generally range from 30 to 90 days (IBM, 2006 pg. 79). With regard to activity ratios, IBM did a good job of maintaining its level of inventory to 2841-2840 million despite the increase in sales in 200 6 ($91,424 million). It only meant that IBM has a very good internal control and monitoring of its inventory. In sum, the activity ratio of IBM increased by 2.784 % which can be mainly attributed to its ability to maintain its inventory despite the increase in sales. With regard to collection period, IBM adopts â€Å"Payment terms for inventory and accounts receivable financing generally range from 30 to 90 days† (IBM, 2006 pg. 79). 4. Profitability ratio analysis a. Gross profit margin 2005 2006 % of change Gross profit margin 36,532 38,295 Net Sales 91,134 91,424 Ratio .401 .419 4.488 b. Operating profit margin Operating profit margin 0.134 0.146 0.012 8.95522388% c. Net profit margin ratio 2005 2006 % of change Net profit after tax 79,940 94,920 Net Sales 91,340

The Use of Force Essay -- Health Care

The Use of Force, written by William Carlos Williams is a story about a conflicted unnamed doctor using physical force to determine a diagnosis. The question that is brought up is whether or not the doctor’s use of force was one of ethical duty or infuriating violence. The doctor makes it his duty to save the patient, Mathilda as she does not cooperate he makes a choice to go on and use force to open her mouth to determine her diagnosis. The choice of using force isn’t necessarily the questionable part, the motive on using physical force is debatable. The ultimate question that the short story, the Use of Force asks is whether or not the doctor’s motives become one of dutiful compassion or desirable violence. As the story begins, the unnamed doctor is introduced as one who appears to be strictly professional. â€Å"Aas often, in such cases, they weren’t telling me more than they had to, it was up to me to tell them; that’s why they were spending three dollars on me.† (par. 3) The doctor leaves the first impression that he is one that keeps his attention about the job and nothing out of the ordinary besides stating his impressions on the mother, father and the patient, Mathilda. Though he does manage to note that Mathilda has a fever. The doctor takes what he considers a â€Å"trial shot† and â€Å"point of departure† by inquiring what he suspects is a sore throat (par. 6). This point in the story, nothing remains out of the ordinary or questionable about the doctor’s methods, until the story further develops. The doctor contains his professionalism, but as it goes on, pieces of frustrated irregularities begin to surface. As the doctor learns that the parents say no, that the girl says she doesn’t have a sore throat, he purs... ...der what motive? He had to justify his motives, perhaps to add some morality to ensure what he was doing was ethical. He would flip that thought, perhaps to try and downplay his desire to unleash his violent frustration onto the girl. He ultimately saved Mathilda’s life in a sense, but under which motive? I believe the this is the question William Carlos Williams’ The Use of Force has the reader ask themselves. Under a emergency situation the human condition can be torn between a code of ethics or a dominance of dark desire. No doubt in The Use of Force, the end of the situation turned out well as the girl could be saved, but the method to find out was ambiguous. How well would the case between doing the right thing and doing what you desire turn out in any other situation? I believe this is the question that William Carlos Williams wanted the reader to think about.

Imperialism in Africa and India

Section 1: A Scramble For Africa †¢ European nations needed to fuel industrial production †¢ Competed for new markets for goods and took huge interest in Africa †¢ Imperialism- Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country o Occurred throughout most of Africa o Europe came in and dominated †¢ Mid 1800’s Africans divided into ethnic and linguistic groups †¢ Some converted to Islam and Christianity †¢ Most kept traditions and religion For 400 years African army able to keep Europeans out †¢ Until late 1800’s Europe only dominated coast of Africa †¢ Couldn’t navigate rivers †¢ Disease also kept them out †¢ Specialized trade networks †¢ Introduction of steam powered river boats allowed Europeans to dominate more of Africa’s interior †¢ Those who did get in were against slave trade †¢ People learned about Africa through their publications The Congo Sparks Interest: †¢ Dr. David Livi ngstone traveled with group of Africans into deep Africa to promote Christianity †¢ Several years past and people thought he was dead Henry Stanley went to find him and succeeded †¢ Stanley wanted to trace course of Congo River †¢ In 1879 and 1882 Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River Valley †¢ Gave King Leopold II of Belgium control of these lands †¢ Leopold II claimed wanted to abolish slave trade and promote Christianity †¢ Brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants †¢ About 10 million Africans died due to abuse In 1908 Belgian govt. took control of Congo away from king †¢ Congo 80x larger than Belgium †¢ This alarmed France because they had signed treated that gave them control of north bank of Congo †¢ Soon More European and Latin American countries began to claim parts of Africa Forces Driving Imperialism †¢ Industrial Revolution drove European countries to obtain m ore land †¢ European countries searched for more markets Europeans viewed themselves as the greatest nation and race †¢ Racism- the belief that one race is superior to others †¢ Social Darwinism- theory that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others †¢ Non-Europeans on lower scale of cultural and physical development because didn’t make technological progress †¢ Europeans thought was their job to bring advancements to other countries †¢ European missionaries sought to convert lands to Christianity †¢ Hoped Christianity would bring end to evil practices like slave trade †¢ Also wanted to civilize landsFactors promoting Imperialism in Africa: †¢ European’s technological superiority †¢ Europeans had guns †¢ Europeans had steam engines that allowed them to control deep Africa †¢ Europeans had railroads, cables, and steamships that allowed them to communicate within colony and to controlling nation †¢ Drug quinine prevented Europeans from catching diseases †¢ Africa wasn’t unified due to diversity and wars fought between different ethnic groups Divison of Africa: †¢ Discoveries of diamonds and gold in south Africa increased European’s interest in conquering Africa †¢ All European countries became part of raceBerlin conference divides Africa: †¢ Berlin Conference- 14 European nations who met to lay down rules for the division of Africa †¢ Competition between European countries †¢ Any country could conquer land but had to notify other European countries †¢ How Africans felt about it wasn’t a factor †¢ Didn’t pay attention to how ethnic and linguistic groups in Africa were distributed †¢ By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia were free from European control Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies: †¢ During colonization Europeans believed Africans would buy their goods †¢ Only few Africans did this Businesses still needed raw materials †¢ Greatest wealth obtained from Africa was large mineral sources †¢ Congo contained copper and tin †¢ This nothing compared to diamonds and gold in south Africa †¢ Developed cash crop: peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber †¢ Replaced food crops needed by farmers to feed families Three Groups Clash over South Africa: †¢ Zulu chief, Shaka used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create large centralized state †¢ Shaka’s successors unable to keep control †¢ Zulu nation eventually fell to British controlBoers and British Settle in the Cape: †¢ Boers- Dutch settlers (Boer=farmer in Dutch) who took African’s land and established large farms †¢ When British took control of Cape Colony there was clash over British policy of slaves and land †¢ Boers moved north in Great Trek to escape from British †¢ Started fighting fie rcely with Zulu and other African groups whose land was getting taken †¢ When Diamonds and gold found in south Africa Boers tried to keep outsiders from gaining political rights †¢ British tried to rebel against Boers and failed Boers rose against British in Boer war †¢ The war was brutal (no mercy) †¢ Many black southern Africans also participated †¢ Many were captured and put in British concentration camps †¢ Britain won war †¢ Europeans made efforts to change political, social and economic lives of people they conquered Section 2: Imperialism: †¢ Imperialism of 18th and 19th century different than previous imperialism †¢ Europeans demanded more influence over all aspects of African lives †¢ Determined to shape economies to help benefit European economies †¢ Wanted people to adopt European customsForms of Control: †¢ 4 types: o Colony- a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power o Protectorate- A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power o Sphere of influence- an area in which and outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges o Economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other govts. †¢ Also had direct and indirect control †¢ Britain and U. S. preferred indirect France and most other European nations preferred direct †¢ Indirect control: o Relied on existing political rulers o Rulers adopted British Authority o Rulers handled much of daily management of colony o Each colony had legislative council: ? Colonial officials ? Local merchants ? Professionals ? Colonial governor †¢ Direct Control: †¢ French and other European didn’t think Africans could run country †¢ Paternalism- the idea that the people in authority restrict freedoms to their subordinates for the subordinates’ good †¢ Gave them n eeds but not rights Europeans brought in own bureaucrats †¢ Didn’t train Africans in European methods of govt. †¢ Assimilation- the idea that the local population would adopt the superior culture in order to become more like them †¢ Africans adopted French culture †¢ All schools, courts, and businesses patterned after French institutions †¢ In practice idea of assimilation abandoned †¢ French resided to indirect control †¢ Recognized African culture but saw it as inferior |Indirect Control |Direct control | |Local govt. fficials used: |Foreign officials brought in to rule | |Limited self-rule |No self rule | |Goal: to develop future leaders |Goal: assimilation | |Govt. institutions based on European styles but may have |Govt. institutions are based only on European styles | |local rules | |A British Colony: †¢ Britain gained control of southern Nigeria †¢ Some local rulers agreed to sign treaties of protection and accept British r esidents †¢ Others opposed intervention and rebelled against it †¢ British defeated rebellions †¢ Royal Niger Comp. gained control of palm oil trade over Niger River Delta †¢ In 1914 British claimed entire Nigeria as colony Managing the Colony: †¢ Nigeria culturally diverse †¢ Three main groups were: o Hausa-Fulani: ? Muslim ? Had strong central govt. o Yoruba Followed traditional religion ? Relied on chiefs for control o Igbo ? Same as Yoruba †¢ Didn’t have enough British troops to govern such complex area †¢ British resided to indirect control †¢ Worked well with Hausa-Fulani but not with other two groups †¢ Local chiefs of Yoruba and Igbo resented limited power African Resistance: †¢ Africans resisted European attempts to colonize †¢ But Europeans had more advanced weaponry †¢ Therefore, Africans didn’t succeed in most cases Unsuccessful Movements: There was resistance and resistance through religious movements †¢ Algeria’s almost 50 year resistance against France †¢ West Africa’s Samori Toure’s 16 year resistance against France †¢ African villagers resisted Germans in spiritual defense o Believed magic water would turn German’s bullets to water o 20 groups came together and fought against Germans o Fighters believed God and their ancestors would return to life and assist them o Over 75,000 Africans died o Twice that many Africans died in famine to follow o Germans shocked and passed some reformsEthiopia: A successful Resistance †¢ Only African nation that successfully resisted Europeans †¢ Menelik II- became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889 †¢ Successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other †¢ Built up large arsenal of modern weapons he purchased from Russia and France †¢ Menelik II signed treaty with Italy while Italians were invading the country †¢ Menelik II declared war in 1896 †¢ B attle of Adowa was largest battle in history of Africa †¢ Ethiopians won and kept independence Legacy of Colonial Rule: †¢ Negative effects: Africans lost control of land and independence o Lost many people to disease and rebellion o Famine o Breakdown of traditional culture o Traditional authorities replaced o Homes and properties transferred o People lost jobs o Identity issues o Division of Africa o Unnaturally divided groups o No Unity †¢ Positive Effects: o Local warfare reduced o Sanitation improved o Hospitals o Schools o Lifespans increased o Literacy increased o Economic expansion o Railroads, dams, telephone, telegraph lines built in Africa o However, this only really benefited the EuropeansSection 4: British Imperialism in India: †¢ Area controlled by East India Company grew overtime †¢ Both directly and indirectly governed southern India, Bangladesh, and territory along Ganges River in north †¢ British govt. regulated East India company â₠¬ ¢ Company ruled India without British interference until 19th century †¢ Had own army with British officers †¢ Sepoys- Indian soldiers †¢ Army was dangerous because could easily turn against British Britain’s â€Å"Jewel in the Crown†: †¢ Industrial revolution turned Britain into world’s workshop †¢ India supplied Britain with many raw supplies India’s 3,000,000 people also large potential market for British made goods †¢ India was â€Å"brightest jewel in crown† because it was the most valuable of all Britain’s colonies †¢ British made restrictions that prevented Indian economy from operating on its own †¢ Indians could only produce raw materials for Britain †¢ Indians were not allowed to compete with Britain British Transport Trade Goods: †¢ Railroad system built in India †¢ India became more valuable †¢ Most of raw materials transported included: o Tea o Indigo o Coffee o Cotto n Jute o Opium †¢ Sold trade opium for tea from China †¢ Sold tea in England Impact of Colonialism: Negative impact on India: †¢ British held most of economical and political power †¢ British restricted Indian owned industries †¢ Many villagers couldn’t be self sufficient due to emphasis on cash crop †¢ Food production reduced †¢ Famine †¢ Racism †¢ Forced conversion to Christianity Positive impact on India: †¢ Had world’s third largest railroad system †¢ Railroad system united brought modern economy that India †¢ Sanitation and public health improved India modernized by railroads, telephones, telegraphs, dams, bridges, irrigation canals †¢ Schools and collages founded †¢ Literacy increased †¢ Idea cleared of bandits †¢ Local welfare amongst competing rulers The Sepoy Mutiny: †¢ British controlled most of India †¢ Believed British were trying to convert Indians to Christianity â⠂¬ ¢ There was so much racism †¢ Nationalist idea emerged †¢ The Indians decided to rebel †¢ Gossip spread amongst sepoys that the cartridges of their new rifles were greased with beef and pork fat †¢ To use cartridges Indians had to bite off ends Cows were sacred to them and Muslims didn’t eat pork so they were very angered †¢ Soldiers who refused cartilages were imprisoned †¢ Next day they rebelled †¢ Sepoy Munity- rebellion of the Indian soldiers †¢ Uprising spread from Delhi to much of northern India †¢ British and sepoys tried to slaughter each others armies †¢ Took company more than a year to regain control of country †¢ Indians couldn’t unite against British due to weak leadership and conflict between Hindus and Muslims †¢ Hindus preferred British rule over Muslim ruleTurning Point: †¢ After munity Britain took direct control over India †¢ Raj- British rule after India came under British crown during reign of Queen Victoria †¢ To reward many princes who stayed loyal to company during munity, Britain promised to respect all treaties they had with them †¢ Also promised that Indian states that were still free would remain independent †¢ Regardless, British gained control of free states unofficially †¢ Munity fueled racist attitudes of British Munity increased distrust between Indians and British †¢ Hindus and Muslims felt they were being ruined under British rule Nationalism Surfaces in India: †¢ In early 1800’s some Indians began demanding modernization †¢ Ram Mohum Roy, a modern thinking, well educated Indian began campaign to move away from traditional Indian practices †¢ Ram Mohum Roy believed that if practices weren’t changed India would continue to be controlled by outsiders †¢ Ram Mohum Roy’s writings inspired other Indians to press for social reforms and adopt western ways †¢ Nationalist feelings also began to surface in India Indians hated system that made them second class citizens in own country †¢ Made much less money than British workers Nationalist groups form: †¢ 2 nationalist groups formed: o Indian National Congress in 1885 o Muslim League in 1906 ? Focused on Indian’s concerns ? Wanted self government ? Divided in to Hindu and Muslim section ? Separation made it hard for them to unite in calling for independence ? In 1911 British regained control and divided them differently †¢ Conflict over Indian control continued to develop between Indians and British Key Terms: Imperialism- Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country †¢ African goods: copper, tin, gold, diamonds, rubber, cocoa, palm oil, and peanuts †¢ Racism- the belief that one race is superior to others †¢ Social Darwinism- theory that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others †¢ Berlin Conference- 14 Euro pean nations who met to lay down rules for the division of Africa †¢ Shaka- was a Zulu chief used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create large centralized state in South Africa.His successors weren’t as successful †¢ Boers- Dutch settlers (Boer=farmer in Dutch) who took African’s land and established large farms †¢ Boer War- War between British and Boers over land and minerals in which British won †¢ Colony- a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power †¢ Protectorate- A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power †¢ Sphere of influence- an area in which and outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges †¢ Economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other govts. |Indirect Control |Direct control | |Local govt. officials used: Foreign officials bro ught in to rule | |Limited self-rule |No self rule | |Goal: to develop future leaders |Goal: assimilation | |Govt. institutions based on European styles but may have |Govt. institutions are based only on European styles | |local rules | | †¢ India was â€Å"brightest jewel in crown† because it was the most valuable of all Britain’s colonies †¢ Indian goods: Tea, Indigo, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, and Opium †¢ Menelik II- became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889.He was the only one who was successful at preventing his state (Ethiopia) from being conquered. †¢ Sepoys- Indian soldiers †¢ Sepoy Munity- rebellion of the Indian soldiers †¢ Raj- British rule after India came under British crown during reign of Queen Victoria †¢ Ram Mohum Roy- a modern thinking, well educated Indian began campaign to move away from traditional Indian practices and bring nationalism †¢ Paternalism- the idea that the people in authority restrict freedoms to their sub ordinates for the subordinates’ good †¢ Assimilation- the idea that the local population would adopt the superior culture in order to become more like them †¢